June 3, 1965: Gemini 4 was launched. Considered the first long-duration American spaceflight, this was also the first mission to be directed from Mission Control at the Johnson Space Center instead of the Mission Control Center at Cape Canaveral. Gemini 4’s goals were to evaluate the spacecraft and crew during a lengthy stay in space, rendezvous with the spent Titan II second stage, carry out the first American spacewalk, and continue testing the Orbital Attitude Maneuvering System (OAMS). The crew consisted of Jim McDivitt, Command Pilot, and Ed White, Pilot.
On the first orbit, McDivitt’s attempts to rendezvous with the Titan second stage were unsuccessful because of the counterintuitive effects of orbital mechanics. Simply thrusting a spacecraft toward a target, from some distance away, changes its orbital altitude and velocity relative to the target. So, when McDivitt tried a simple point-and-thrust maneuver, he found himself moving away and downward, as the retrograde thrust lowered his orbit, increasing his speed. On later missions, the correct procedure for rendezvous was figured out and included in the flight plan.
The highlight of the mission was the first space walk by an American, during which White floated free outside the spacecraft, tethered to it, for approximately 23 minutes. The flight was also saw the a variety of scientific experiments carried out, including use of a sextant to investigate the use of celestial navigation for lunar flight in the Apollo program.
McDivitt and White orbited Earth 66 times in four days and two hours, making it the first US flight to approach the five-day flight of the Soviet Vostok 5.
NASA id: S65-29635